Guides/Window Driver/Window Driver Overview

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Overview

The J/Windows interface is referred to as the Window Driver and provides access under program control to many features of the Windows graphical and operating system environment. It provides essentially two mechanisms for communication:

you can send instructions and queries to Windows. you can react to events signaled by Windows, such as the press of a button on a form.

The verbs wd and wdhandler provide these mechanisms:

wd is used to send instructions and queries to the Window Driver - and is the only way of doing so. wdhandler is used to react to events signaled by Windows. It is the standard way of doing so, but may be changed if required.

These verbs are defined in the ide/qt (or ide/ja for jandroid) addon when you load J.

wd

wd is used monadically and takes an argument of a character string of one or more statements, separated by semicolons. These statements are converted by the Window Driver into the appropriate Windows function calls. The result is the result of executing the last statement. Each statement is a command followed by any required parameters.

Commands supported include:

    • creation and use of Windows controls to allow user input
    • instructions to the J session manager
    • information queries

For details and a list of commands see the wd Command Reference.

The result of wd is the information requested, typically as a character string, or empty if none. For example, the following queries the screen metrics used by Windows (screen width, screen height, x logical units and y logical units: 

   wd 'qscreen'
382 305 1280 1024 85 85 24 1 256 85 85 120

This shows a 1280 by 1024 screen.

The next example creates a dialog box that allows the user to select a font. The result is returned after the user closes the dialog box, and contains a string of items that describe the font selected: 

   wd 'mb font'
"Lucida Console" 10 bold

An invalid command is signalled as a domain error: 

   wd 'qz'
|zq : command not found
: wd
| ....

After an error, you can run command qer to query the error - the result is an error message. 

   wd 'qer'
zq : command not found

In the case of an instruction, the result is empty. For example, the following activate and set input focus to the Qtide Term window, and returns an empty result:

$ wd 'sm act'

0 0

Message Pump

Current versions of JQt obtain efficiency by deferring screen updates until the keyboard unlocks for input. This is not always desirable.

wd 'msgs' allows for early screen updates. For example, echo includes wd 'msgs' (in older versions of J, you would have needed to issue wd 'msgs' after echo statements).

Windows Forms

wd is used to create the forms (windows and controls) in a user interface. There is no Form Editor, instead JQT Editor (or any text editor) is used to write scripts which build forms.

The following example creates a window mywin, adds a push button named pressme, then shows it as a topmost window (i.e. it stays on top of any other window): 

   wd 'pc mywin;cc pressme button;pshow;ptop'

Once it is displayed, you can move the window away from the J session, so that you can see both the session and the window. You can set focus on the J session or in the window, by clicking on them.

If you now click on the button, it depresses, but otherwise nothing seems to happen. In fact, the click on the button causes an event. If a corresponding event handler is defined, then it is invoked, otherwise the event is ignored.

The following example is an event handler for the button. To try this out, enter the following definition: 

   mywin_pressme_button=: wdinfo bind 'button pressed'

Now when you click on the button, this event handler is run, and an information box pops up.

The event handler mywin_pressme_button is an ordinary J verb. It was defined using the standard utility wdinfo that displays an information message box, together with a specific argument 'button pressed'. For example, you can run this program from the J session, by entering: 

   mywin_pressme_button''

Event Handlers

An event handler is a verb that is invoked when a Windows event occurs, for example, when a button is pressed. The standard event handling mechanism in J supports three levels of event handler for a given form. If the form name is abc, these are:

  • abc_handler (the parent handler)
  • abc_id_class (e.g. abc_pressme_button)
  • abc_formevent (e.g. abc_close)
  • abc_default (the default handler)

When an event occurs, the system searches for an event handler in the order given, and executes the first one it finds. Therefore, for a form abc:

if a verb abc_handler is defined, it is executed for every event associated with that form; if no such verb is defined, and the event is for a specific control, such as button pressme, then if a verb for that control such as abc_pressme_button is defined, it is executed; or if the event is a form event and a verb for that event is defined, such as abc_close, then it is executed; if no such verb is defined, then if abc_default is defined, it is executed; if no event handler verb is found, the event is ignored Typically, most forms will be written using only the second level of event handler. The other two levels allow the programmer to deal easily with special cases.

We can try this out on the form defined above. First define a default handler: 

   mywin_default=: wdinfo bind 'this is the default'

Click on the form to give it focus, then try pressing a function key. Each time, this new default event handler will be executed. However, when you press on the button, its own event handler is executed.

Now try defining a parent handler: 

   mywin_handler=: wdinfo bind 'this handles all events'

Once this is defined, it handles all events from the form.

Note that these event handlers are ordinary verbs and can be defined and modified as required. The search for an appropriate event handler takes place at the time the event occurs. For example, delete the parent handler: 

   erase 'mywin_handler'
1

Now the other event handlers will again be used to respond to the form's events.

wdhandler

This is the verb that provides the mechanism described above. When a Windows event occurs, the system typically invokes the following sentence (but does not show it in the session): 

   wdhandler ''

To demonstrate this, try defining a new wdhandler as follows: 

   wdhandler=: wdinfo bind 'my new handler'

Now any action you take on the form will invoke this new definition. Typically, you would not want to redefine wdhandler, but the fact that you can do so gives you complete control over the way events are handled. To erase your definition and recover the old definition (which is in locale z), enter: 

   erase 'wdhandler'

How does the standard wdhandler work? It first queries the event that has been signaled, using wd'q', and assigns the result to a global variable wdq : 

   wdq
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syshandler  |mywin_handler                    |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysevent    |mywin_pressme_button             |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysdefault  |mywin_default                    |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysparent   |mywin                            |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syschild    |pressme                          |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|systype     |button                           |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syslocalep  |base                             |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syslocalec  |                                 |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syshwndp    |1388                             |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syshwndc    |1388                             |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysfocus    |pressme                          |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syslastfocus|pressme                          |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysmodifiers|0                               |
+------------+---------------------------------+

Note that wd'q' only returns information about the last event that occurred. Re-running it will provide new information only if another event has occurred, otherwise it will give a domain error.

The result wdq is a boxed array describing the event and the current state of the form. The first column contain various identifiers, and the second column corresponding values. Note that the first three rows correspond to the three levels of event handler discussed above. wdhandler checks whether any of these event handlers exist, then

defines each name in the first column with the corresponding value in the second column, for example a global variable sysfocus will be defined with the value pressme executes the first event handler it has found.

As another example, click on the form to give it focus, then press the Esc key. Click on the J session window, and look at the variable wdq: 

   wdq
+------------+---------------------------------+
|syshandler  |mywin_handler                    |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysevent    |mywin_cancel                     |
+------------+---------------------------------+
|sysdefault  |mywin_default                    |
+------------+---------------------------------+

This shows that the second-level event handler for the Esc key is named mywin_cancel. Define a verb of this name to close the form: 

   mywin_cancel=: wd bind 'pclose'

Now click on the form to give it focus, press the Esc key, and the form will close.

Entering Information

We next look at a simple example of creating a form to enter information. This example is in a script file included with the J system.

First, clear out any existing definitions with: 

   clear''

Then open the script file: 

   open '~addons/demos/qtdemo/name.ijs'
or
   open '~addons/ide/qt/demo/name.ijs' (earlier J versions)

You may find it helpful to print out the script file; to do so, with the script window in focus, select the menu item File/Print. The relevant definitions are as follows: 

NAME=: 'Jemima Puddle Duck'

EDITNAME=: 0 : 0
pc editname;
minwh 70 10;cc name edit;
cc OK button;
cc Cancel button;
pas 6 6;pcenter;pshow;ptop;
)

NB. this creates and initializes the form:
editname=: 3 : 0
wd EDITNAME
wd 'set name text *',NAME
wd 'pshow'
)

NB. this handles the Cancel button:
editname_Cancel_button=: wd bind 'pclose'

NB. this handles the OK button:
editname_OK_button=: 3 : 0

NAME=: name
wd 'pclose'
)

NB. run the form:
editname''

The script defines a global variable, NAME, and a form, EDITNAME, with an edit field and OK and Cancel buttons. The following verbs are also defined:

editname is used to create the form. It first resets the Window Driver, then sends the form definition EDITNAME to the Window Driver to create the form, then sets the value of the global NAME into the name field.

editname_Cancel_button is used to handle a click on the Cancel button. It simply closes the form.

editname_OK_button is used to handle a click on the OK button. It redefines the global NAME with the current value of the name field, then closes the form.

Try this out by running the script (select menu option Run/Window):

Change the value of the name field, press OK, and check the value of the global, NAME.

Form Locales

A key point about forms is that they may be created and run in any locale, in fact this would typically be the case. Forms can be created as a class, then instantiated as an object when they are to be run. For a description, see the labs on Locales and Object Oriented Programming.

When a form is created, the current locale is recorded as the form locale. This locale is part of the event information, and allows an event to be handled by the form handler in the locale.

For example, this means a form can be run in its own locale, without conflicting in any way with definitions in other locales. You can design a form in the base locale, and run it without change in another locale.

To experiment with this, switch to the J session, and clear out existing definitions in the base locale: 

   clear''

Check there are no definitions in the base locale: 

   names''

Load the form into a locale myname: 

   load_myname_ '~addons/demos/qtdemo/name.ijs'
or
   load_myname_ '~addons/ide/qt/demo/name.ijs' (earlier J versions)

The form is shown. Change the name and click OK to close the form and update the global, NAME. Note that there are still no definitions in the base locale: 

   names''

However, there are definitions in the myname locale: 

   names_myname_''
EDITNAME               NAME
editname               editname_Cancel_button
editname_OK_button     wdq

Read the value of the name defined: 

   NAME_myname_
Squirrel Nutkin

Note that you would normally specify the locale into which a form should be loaded in the form script, either with a cocurrent or a coclass statement at the beginning, for example: 

   cocurrent 'myform'

System Events

Some events are not attached to a form and are called system events.

The only system event implemented so far is system timer event.

Timer is similar to form events, but have a sys_ prefix for their handler names, instead of the formname_ prefix used for form events. For example, the wd'q' result for a timer event is: 

+----------+-----------+
|syshandler|sys_handler|
+----------+-----------+
|sysevent  |sys_timer  |
+----------+-----------+
|sysdefault|sys_default|
+----------+-----------+

To respond to such events, you define an appropriate event handler just as for a form event handler. For example, define a handler for a timer event that writes the current time to the session, then set the timer to be 1000 milliseconds. The timestamps when Windows signals the timer event are written to the current session 

   sys_timer_z_=: (6!:0) (1!:2) 2:

   wd 'timer 1000'

1996 1 3 10 15 37.72

1996 1 3 10 15 38.76

1996 1 3 10 15 39.81

1996 1 3 10 15 40.9

To switch off the timer, run 

   wd 'timer 0'
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