# Guides/Constants

J has a rich constant description syntax. J's constant notation is a sublanguage in its own right.

## Useful examples:

 1r3 1/3 exactly (rational number) rational 1.1r3.3 0.3333... floating point approximation of 1.1/3.3=1/3 floating point 1r7 1/7 another exact representation rational 1r7p0 0.142857... = floating point approximation of 1/7 floating point 1p1 π floating point 2r3p1 ${2\over 3} \pi$ floating point 180p_1 ${180\over\pi}$ = degrees in radian floating point 1r180p1 ${\pi\over 180}$ = radians in degree floating point 0j2p1 $2\pi i$ = exponent coefficient in Fourier transformation complex _ $\infty$, infinity floating point __ $-\infty$, negative infinity floating point _r1, 1r0 $\infty$, extended infinity, compare    _>10^1000x 0    1r0>10^1000x 1 extended 2b10101010 $10101010_2 = AA_{16} = 170$ integer 16baa same integer 1 0 1 0 1 0 list of bits

## Not so useful examples:

 7e1p_2j3e_2b_9j3x1e8 exercise to the reader 1x0j1p1 If this worked, it would demonstrate Euler's equation (i.e. _1 = ^ 1p1 * 0j1), but it doesn't, because 'x' and 'p' are on the same level of the Constant Heirarchy

## Delimited Pseudo Constants

Often it's hard to type in and read large values and in user interface they use thousand delimited syntax, such as 1,234.56. The 0&". monad handles this nicely. Here are a few examples:

   0".'1,000.25'
1000.25
0".'1,000,123'
1000123
0j15":0".'3.14159,26535,89793'
3.141592653589793
0".'1,234 5,678.9'
1234 5678.9
#:0".'2b1000,1000,1000,1000'
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0


## Notes:

• Aside from extended precision numbers (and even in many of those cases), any value you can create using the sublanguage of constants, you can also create using primitives. For example, 12j14 can be expressed as 12 j. 14, 12x14 is equivalent to 12 * ^ 14, and, similarly, 12p14 is identical to 12 * 14 ^~ o. 1. Rational numbers can be created using extended precision numbers in combination with %. Because in-line constants are small, efficiency should not be an issue. And, since the results are identical, choosing between the direct, constant form and the indirect, executed form is a matter of readability and maintainability. This is a matter of PersonalTaste.
• J constants are created with the simplest possible type, regardless of the symbols used create them, so 1.0 is not real; it is not even an integer; it is a boolean. Only extended and rational constants force explicit type conversions.

To demonstrate:

	   nums =. '1 1.0 1r1 1j0 1p0 1e0 1x0 16b1 1x'
require 'strings'
(,. ' is '&,"1)&:>/  <@:>"1  (,: datatype@:".&.>) ' ' cut nums
1    is boolean
1.0  is boolean
1r1  is extended
1j0  is boolean
1p0  is boolean
1e0  is boolean
1x0  is boolean
16b1 is boolean
1x   is extended

• The semantics of arbitrary width numbers (extended and rationals) are different from the semantics of the fixed-width numbers (which reflect the underlying machine implementation).
   16^16
1.84467e19
16^16+0x
18446744073709551616

• Though it isn't spelled out in the language of the Dictionary, some constants with notational mixture form illegal numbers. Example:
 1r1 1x OK 1j1 1x Not OK. Probably because J doesn't support extended precision complex numbers (and given the first bullet above, the x forces extended precision, so the intepreter can't default the constant to 1j1 1j0). 16bffff 1x Not OK. This makes some sense because an 'x' suffix in a based number is ambiguous. The trailing x could mean "convert to extended precision" or it could mean "the digit 'x' in base N" (all digits are valid in all based numbers, see below). But if the numeric lexer were slightly smarter, this could be resolved.
• When using 'based' constants, be aware that:
1. . You cannot use uppercase letters. For example, 16bFFFF is an ill formed number
2. . Digits larger than the base are permissible. 2b1010 2b2020 and 16bzyxwv are acceptible numbers; the base portion only specifies the radix, not the interpretation of the digits, which are always evaluted in base 36.
3. . While the base portion of a constant can be arbitrarily large, the value portion is restricted to using 36 digits (10 numerals + 26 letters), so the notation cannot specify all numbers in bases larger than 36.
4. . The Dictionary sentence Moreover, digits with a trailing x denote an extended precision integer is poorly phrased, because 16b000x has digits with a trailing x (but is not entirely composed of them), and is not extended -- it's integer.
5. . Assuming a single, well formed, based constant, the evaluation is:
   split  =. (  (}.~ >:) ; {.~  )  i.&'b'
digits =. '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'&i.&.>  @:  split
baseN  =. #.~&:>/  @:  ,&(<10)  @:  digits

baseN '16bffff'
65535

   See Parse, Lex, Execute

• J internal types has information on J's internal representation of the various types of numbers (and other data).